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991.
Shah AP Pietropaoli AP Frasier LM Speers DM Chalupa DC Delehanty JM Huang LS Utell MJ Frampton MW 《Environmental health perspectives》2008,116(3):375-380
BACKGROUND: Ultrafine particles (UFP) may contribute to the cardiovascular effects of exposure to particulate air pollution, partly because of their relatively efficient alveolar deposition and potential to enter the pulmonary vascular space. OBJECTIVES: This study tested the hypothesis that inhalation of elemental carbon UFP alters systemic vascular function. METHODS: Sixteen healthy subjects (mean age, 26.9 +/- 6.5 years) inhaled air or 50 microg/m3 elemental carbon UFP by mouthpiece for 2 hr, while exercising intermittently. Measurements at preexposure baseline, 0 hr (immediately after exposure), 3.5 hr, 21 hr, and 45 hr included vital signs, venous occlusion plethysmography and reactive hyperemia of the forearm, and venous plasma nitrate and nitrite levels. RESULTS: Peak forearm blood flow after ischemia increased 3.5 hr after exposure to air but not UFP (change from preexposure baseline, air: 9.31 +/- 3.41; UFP: 1.09 +/- 2.55 mL/min/100 mL; t-test, p = 0.03). Blood pressure did not change, so minimal resistance after ischemia (mean blood pressure divided by forearm blood flow) decreased with air, but not UFP [change from preexposure baseline, air: -0.48 +/- 0.21; UFP: 0.07 +/- 0.19 mmHg/mL/min; analysis of variance (ANOVA), p = 0.024]. There was no UFP effect on pre-ischemia forearm blood flow or resistance, or on total forearm blood flow after ischemia. Venous nitrate levels were significantly lower after exposure to carbon UFP compared with air (ANOVA, p = 0.038). There were no differences in venous nitrite levels. CONCLUSIONS: Inhalation of 50 microg/m3 carbon UFP during intermittent exercise impairs peak forearm blood flow during reactive hyperemia in healthy human subjects. 相似文献
992.
Alexandra Schneider Lucas Neas Margaret C. Herbst Martin Case Ronald W. Williams Wayne Cascio Alan Hinderliter Fernando Holguin John B. Buse Kathleen Dungan Maya Styner Annette Peters Robert B. Devlin 《Environmental health perspectives》2008,116(12):1666-1674
Background
Exposure to fine airborne particulate matter [≤2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5)] has been associated with cardiovascular and hematologic effects, especially in older people with cardiovascular disease. Some epidemiologic studies suggest that adults with diabetes also may be a particularly susceptible population.Objectives
The purpose of this study was to analyze the short-term effects of ambient PM2.5 on markers of endothelial function in diabetic volunteers.Methods
We conducted a prospective panel study in 22 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Chapel Hill, North Carolina (USA), from November 2004 to December 2005. We acquired daily measurements of PM2.5 and meteorologic data at central monitoring sites. On 4 consecutive days, we measured endothelial function by brachial artery ultrasound in all participants and by pulsewave measurements in a subgroup. Data were analyzed using additive mixed models with a random participant effect and adjusted for season, day of the week, and meteorology.Results
Flow-mediated dilatation decreased in association with PM2.5 during the first 24 hr, whereas small-artery elasticity index decreased with a delay of 1 and 3 days. These PM2.5-associated decrements in endothelial function were greater among participants with a high body mass index, high glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, low adiponectin, or the null polymorphism of glutathione S-transferase M1. However, high levels of myeloperoxidase on the examination day led to strongest effects on endothelial dysfunction.Conclusions
These data demonstrate that PM2.5 exposure may cause immediate endothelial dysfunction. Clinical characteristics associated with insulin resistance were associated with enhanced effects of PM on endothelial function. In addition, participants with greater oxidative potential seem to be more susceptible. 相似文献993.
Kodavanti UP Schladweiler MC Gilmour PS Wallenborn JG Mandavilli BS Ledbetter AD Christiani DC Runge MS Karoly ED Costa DL Peddada S Jaskot R Richards JH Thomas R Madamanchi NR Nyska A 《Environmental health perspectives》2008,116(1):13-20
BACKGROUND: Exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity; however, causative components are unknown. Zinc is a major element detected at high levels in urban air. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the role of PM-associated zinc in cardiac injury. METHODS: We repeatedly exposed 12- to 14-week-old male Wistar Kyoto rats intratracheally (1x/week for 8 or 16 weeks) to a) saline (control); b) PM having no soluble zinc (Mount St. Helens ash, MSH); or c) whole-combustion PM suspension containing 14.5 microg/mg of water-soluble zinc at high dose (PM-HD) and d ) low dose (PM-LD), e) the aqueous fraction of this suspension (14.5 microg/mg of soluble zinc) (PM-L), or f ) zinc sulfate (rats exposed for 8 weeks received double the concentration of all PM components of rats exposed for 16 weeks). RESULTS: Pulmonary inflammation was apparent in all exposure groups when compared with saline (8 weeks > 16 weeks). PM with or without zinc, or with zinc alone caused small increases in focal subepicardial inflammation, degeneration, and fibrosis. Lesions were not detected in controls at 8 weeks but were noted at 16 weeks. We analyzed mitochondrial DNA damage using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and found that all groups except MSH caused varying degrees of damage relative to control. Total cardiac aconitase activity was inhibited in rats receiving soluble zinc. Expression array analysis of heart tissue revealed modest changes in mRNA for genes involved in signaling, ion channels function, oxidative stress, mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism, and cell cycle regulation in zinc but not in MSH-exposed rats. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that water-soluble PM-associated zinc may be one of the causal components involved in PM cardiac effects. 相似文献
994.
Background The paralimbic system, which is composed of three parts, is an important functional unit. Gliomas located in the region remain a challenge for clinical treatment. However, the dynamic change of gliomas in the area has not been well documented. The purpose of this study was to identify the growth tendency of gliomas located in the paralimbic system and to obtain some suggestions for clinical treatment.
Methods Eleven cases of gliomas located in the paralimbic system were recruited in the study. All of them were proven by pathology. Analysis of the serial radiological examinations in each patient was performed from the initial to the final examination, taking into consideration the following items: initial tumor location, final location and the growth tendency.
Results In the initial and final examinations the ratios of insula involvement were 64% and 100%, respectively. On the other hand, the ratios of gliomas located in two or more parts of paralimbic system increased from 64% to 100% during the dynamic examination.
Conclusions Even though the paralimbic system is composed of three independent anatomical parts, gliomas tend to involve all three parts, especially the insula. Therapeutic plans should aim at the whole region of the system, even during the early stages of gliomas. 相似文献
Methods Eleven cases of gliomas located in the paralimbic system were recruited in the study. All of them were proven by pathology. Analysis of the serial radiological examinations in each patient was performed from the initial to the final examination, taking into consideration the following items: initial tumor location, final location and the growth tendency.
Results In the initial and final examinations the ratios of insula involvement were 64% and 100%, respectively. On the other hand, the ratios of gliomas located in two or more parts of paralimbic system increased from 64% to 100% during the dynamic examination.
Conclusions Even though the paralimbic system is composed of three independent anatomical parts, gliomas tend to involve all three parts, especially the insula. Therapeutic plans should aim at the whole region of the system, even during the early stages of gliomas. 相似文献
995.
Three-dimensional brain growth abnormalities in childhood-onset schizophrenia visualized by using tensor-based morphometry 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gogtay N Lu A Leow AD Klunder AD Lee AD Chavez A Greenstein D Giedd JN Toga AW Rapoport JL Thompson PM 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America》2008,105(41):15979-15984
Earlier studies revealed progressive cortical gray matter (GM) loss in childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) across both lateral and medial surfaces of the developing brain. Here, we use tensor-based morphometry to visualize white matter (WM) growth abnormalities in COS throughout the brain. Using high-dimensional elastic image registration, we compared 3D maps of local WM growth rates in COS patients and healthy children over a 5-year period, based on analyzing longitudinal brain MRIs from 12 COS patients and 12 healthy controls matched for age, gender, and scan interval. COS patients showed up to 2.2% slower growth rates per year than healthy controls in WM (P = 0.02, all P values corrected). The greatest differences were in the right hemisphere (P = 0.006). This asymmetry was attributable to a right slower than left hemisphere growth rate mapped in COS patients (P = 0.037) but not in healthy controls. WM growth rates reached 2.6% per year in healthy controls (P = 0.0002). COS patients showed only a 1.3% per year trend for growth in the left hemisphere (P = 0.066). In COS, WM growth rates were associated with improvement in the Children's Global Assessment Scale (R = 0.64, P = 0.029). Growth rates were reduced throughout the brain in COS, but this process appeared to progress in a front-to-back (frontal-parietal) fashion, and this effect was not attributable to lower IQ. Growth rates were correlated with functional prognosis and were visualized as detailed 3D maps. Finally, these findings also confirm that the progressive GM deficits seen in schizophrenia are not the result of WM overgrowth. 相似文献
996.
Observation of microscopic diffusion anisotropy in the spinal cord using double-pulsed gradient spin echo MRI. 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
M E Komlosh M J Lizak F Horkay R Z Freidlin P J Basser 《Magnetic resonance in medicine》2008,59(4):803-809
A double-pulsed gradient spin echo (d-PGSE) filtered MRI sequence is proposed to detect microscopic diffusion anisotropy in heterogeneous specimen. The technique was developed, in particular, to characterize local microscopic anisotropy in specimens that are macroscopically isotropic, such as gray matter. In such samples, diffusion tensor MRI (DTI) produces an isotropic or nearly isotropic diffusion tensor despite the fact that the medium may be anisotropic at a microscopic length scale. Using d-PGSE filtered MRI, microscopic anisotropy was observed in a "gray matter" phantom consisting of randomly oriented tubes filled with water, as well as in fixed pig spinal cord, within a range of b-values that can be readily achieved on clinical and small animal MR scanners. These findings suggest a potential use for this new contrast mechanism in clinical studies and biological research applications. 相似文献
997.
Whole-brain voxel-based morphometry of white matter in medial temporal lobe epilepsy 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze whole-brain white matter changes in medial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 23 patients with MTLE and 13 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) on T1-weighted 3D datasets. The seizure focus was right sided in 11 patients and left sided in 12. The data were collected on a 1.5 T MR system and analyzed by SPM 99 to generate white matter density maps. RESULTS: Voxel-based morphometry revealed diffusively reduced white matter in MTLE prominently including bilateral frontal lobes, bilateral temporal lobes and corpus callosum. White matter reduction was also found in the bilateral cerebellar hemispheres in the left MTLE group. CONCLUSION: VBM is a simple and automated approach that is able to identify diffuse whole-brain white matter reduction in MTLE. 相似文献
998.
A regularized two-tensor model fit to low angular resolution diffusion images using basis directions
Sotiropoulos SN Bai L Morgan PS Auer DP Constantinescu CS Tench CR 《Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI》2008,28(1):199-209
PURPOSE: To resolve and regularize orientation estimates for two crossing fibers from images acquired with conventional diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) sampling schemes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Partial volume causes artifacts in DTI. Given that routine use of high angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) is still tentative, a regularized two-tensor model to resolve fiber crossings from conventional DTI datasets is presented. To overcome the problems of fitting multiple tensors, a model that exploits the planar diffusion profile in regions with fiber crossings is utilized. A regularization scheme is applied to reduce noise artifacts, which can be significant due to the relatively low number of acquired images. A set of basis directions is used to convert the two tensor model to many models of lower dimensionality. Relaxation labeling is utilized to select from amongst these models those that preserve continuity of orientations across neighbors. Revised fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) values are computed. RESULTS: Spatial regularization improves the orientation estimates of the two-tensor model in simulations and in human data and estimates agree well with a priori anatomical knowledge. CONCLUSION: Orientational, anisotropy, and diffusivity information can be resolved in regions of two fiber crossings using full brain coverage scans acquired in less than six minutes. 相似文献
999.
Brain imaging provides information on brain anatomy and function and progression of cerebral abnormalities can be monitored. This may provide insight into the aetiology of diabetes related cerebral disorders. This paper focuses on the methods for the assessment of white matter hyperintensities and brain atrophy on structural brain images, mostly magnetic resonance imaging, in diabetes. These methods range from visual rating scales to advanced semi-automated and automated image processing techniques such as volumetry and voxel-based morphometry. The findings of previous imaging studies in diabetes are discussed from a methodological perspective and recommendations for future research are given. 相似文献
1000.
By examining the census tracts and towns that are intersected by Massachusetts' major highway corridors, Diesel and Health along Massachusetts' Highway Corridors ascertains whether these areas contain significantly higher rates of diesel particulate matter (DPM), lung cancer, and asthma. DPM was significantly higher for corridor towns than non-corridor towns. Hot spot analysis revealed statistically significant clustering of elevated DPM concentrations and asthma incidence in certain towns. The location of these towns was compared to the location of environmental justice neighborhoods. The authors recommend a series of steps that can be taken by policy makers and planners to curb DPM emissions. 相似文献